Scientific article
English

Beyond Surprise: The Puzzle of Infants' Expressive Reactions to Expectancy Violation

Published inEmotion, vol. 4, no. 4, p. 389-402
Publication date2004
Abstract

The reactions of 58 infants to expectancy violation by digitally filtering the experimenter's voice were studied in a cross-sectional design for ages 5, 7, 9, 11-12, and 14 months. The results show that behavioral freezing and changes in gaze direction, but not facial or vocal expression, are reliable responses to expectancy violation. The pattern suggests that a transition in the infant's capacity for cognitive evaluation of novel and discrepant events may occur around age 9 months. These findings confirm the consistent failure to find prototypical facial surprise reactions in research on novel or impossible situations. Componential theories of emotion, which predict adaptive behavior patterns from appraisal processes, may provide clues for underlying mechanisms and generate hypotheses on age-related changes in emotional expression.

Keywords
  • Infants
  • Puzzle
Research groups
Funding
  • Swiss National Science Foundation - 10-2210.81
  • Swiss National Science Foundation - 11-30036.90
Citation (ISO format)
SCHERER, Klaus R., ZENTNER, Marcel Robert, STERN, Daniel. Beyond Surprise: The Puzzle of Infants” Expressive Reactions to Expectancy Violation. In: Emotion, 2004, vol. 4, n° 4, p. 389–402. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.4.4.389
Main files (1)
Article (Published version)
accessLevelRestricted
Identifiers
Journal ISSN1528-3542
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