The April 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, the largest in 500 years, released vast quantities of sulfuric gases into the stratosphere, forming aerosols that disrupted Earth's radiative balance. This triggered global cooling, with profound consequences: 1816's "Year Without a Summer" brought poor harvests, soaring grain prices, and the last major subsistence crisis in the Western world. Such historic events underscore the vulnerability of today’s highly interconnected food systems, which are susceptible to simultaneous systemic shocks. While no Tambora-scale eruption has occurred in the modern era, understanding its potential impacts is crucial to prepare for similar high-magnitude volcanic disruptions in the future. This thesis investigates the potential impacts of a modern Tambora-scale eruption on global food production and trade. Using climate simulations and statistical yield models, we map yield anomalies for maize, rice, wheat, and soybeans, identifying the most vulnerable food-producing regions. The study further explores how production shocks influence global wheat and maize prices through the Trade WIth STorage (TWIST) model, examining market resilience under various storage scenarios. We find that maize and rice suffer the most severe losses in the case of an eruption, with yield declines reaching 80% and 60% of historic lows, respectively, while soybeans and wheat demonstrate greater resilience. Regional impacts differ starkly: North America and Europe show modest yield increases for maize, wheat, and soybeans, particularly in a “sweet spot” latitude band (30–40°N), whereas tropical regions, particularly rice-producing regions, experience persistent negative shocks. Eastern Asia, a critical maize and rice producer, faces severe disruptions, with potential export restrictions exacerbating food insecurity in regions like Africa, which rely heavily on imports. Wheat exhibits mixed responses, with Europe benefiting and Southern Asia seeing minor declines. These findings underscore the vulnerability of tropical regions, the resilience of temperate zones, and the importance of understanding regional dynamics to mitigate global food insecurity. Our analysis of global price responses reveals three key insights. First, storage levels are critical for market resilience, with low-storage scenarios causing maize price swings up to five times greater than under high-storage conditions. Second, price impacts evolve over multiple years, with initial surges followed by declines, and maize exhibiting greater volatility than wheat due to its concentrated production and diverse uses. Third, wheat and maize markets show similar response patterns (ρ = 0.82), highlighting shared vulnerabilities. These findings underscore the importance of sufficient storage, coordinated policies, and long-term adaptation strategies to enhance food system resilience.