As the issue of PhD graduates (PhDs) pursuing careers beyond academia gains attention, the existing literature remains disparate and fragmented. In this scoping review, we examine how this phenomenon has been studied over the last two decades. Drawing on 71 publications, we used science mapping and content analyses to synthesise findings and identify research gaps. Eight dominant research foci emerged: outcomes of doctoral education, industry-oriented PhD programmes, career development initiatives, PhDs’ career choices/intentions, PhDs’ employment, transitions to non-academic sectors, labour-market demand, and employer perceptions of PhDs. This literature primarily reflects Western perspectives, emphasises STEM fields, and highlights broad trends concerning PhDs’ career preferences and destinations. Most publications draw on descriptive methods, suggesting an exploratory and under-theorised field. Gaps remain in understanding PhDs’ subjective experiences (particularly from social sciences and underrepresented groups), non-academic stakeholders’ perspectives, and the effectiveness of institutional career-support mechanisms. Future research should prioritise these areas to identify best practices in preparing PhDs for diverse careers. However, our findings show that a cultural shift within academia is needed to normalise diverse career paths, alongside formal institutional support and stronger collaborations with non-academic sectors. This paper advances the discussion on equipping PhDs for an increasingly complex and competitive career landscape.