Large river floodplains are dynamic environments, where alternating low and high flows are key ecological processes shaping aquatic biota. As a result of fluc-tuations in flow in floodplain channels, the diversity of benthic assemblages is assumed to result from the balance between surface flow connections, which are dominant during high flows, and groundwater inputs, which are dominant during low flows. However, the relative importance of these inputs in explaining aquatic invertebrate diversity has never been tested.

The response of aquatic invertebrates to hydrological changes of a river flood-plain was investigated in seven braided and six braided–anastomosed flood-plain channels of the French upper Rhône River that are fed by three different processes: groundwater supply (which controls the thermal inertia of the water bodies), surface slow flow connections (i.e. diffuse overbank flows; passive over-flow), and surface shear stress- related connections (i.e. condensed flows; active overflow) during high flows.

Generalised dissimilarity models indicated that floodplain invertebrate composi-tion had complex relationships with the three processes considered. The rela-tive importance of the latter appeared dependent upon the morphology of the floodplain channels. In the braided channels, the effects of shear stress- related connections were more prominent than in the anastomosed ones, for which the effects of the three processes were more similar.

Overall, the diversity of flow connections, that is, lateral surface water con-nections (both shear stress- related and slow, as defined above) and vertical connection with groundwater (inferred through thermal inertia) enhanced the species turnover at the reach scale. Thermal inertia influenced invertebrate composition when, during low flow periods, surface flow connections had lim-ited effect.

Our results highlighted that the role of hydrologic connectivity upon flood-plain diversity cannot be reduced to a single process. They also indicate the importance of vertical connectivity for maintaining biodiversity in floodplain habitats where surface flow connectivity is neither frequent nor constant.