This study examines the issue of food loss and waste (FLW) management in the context of the waste hierarchy and the circular economy, and in particular its relevance to Geneva Canton in Switzerland. The study argues that in order to achieve an efficient FLW management system the issue needs to be addressed in a holistic and systemic manner, based on a strong theoretical foundation that includes the development of a harmonised FLW definition, reliable and comparable data collection mechanisms (which require consistent measurement methodology), and sound, appropriate institutions at all levels. In particular, it considers the circular economy concept as a way of aligning a simple reproduction cycle with an extended reproduction cycle of economic development, in this context vis-a-vis the efficient utilisation of resources and valorisation of waste. The study examines the application of the circular economy principles along the entire food supply chain in the context of waste hierarchy steps. In this regard a new term of food loss and waste chain is introduced to reflect a longer life cycle of FLW compared to the life cycle of food per se. The existing FLW terminology is critically reviewed and clarified, concluding that existing definitions do not yet provide a sufficient basis for an efficient FLW management system. The study also examines current FLW measurement methodologies, and key indicators that allow FLW quantification, from different angles, such as statistic, economic and nutrition. It also proposes two new FLW indicators to improve data comparability. However, the study argues that since data are lacking to a large extent, FLW measurement is challenging, including with respect to Geneva Canton. The study also discusses the importance of rigorous institutions, both formal and informal, and provides a thorough analysis of existing institutions and practices in the area of FLW management in Geneva Canton, as part of the Swiss Confederation, through the prism of waste hierarchy and circular economy principles. Finally, a Circular FLW Framework is put forward by the author based on the research conducted and its findings, as applied to Geneva Canton, with a view to developing a long-term strategy and action plan for efficient and effective management of the FLW in the Canton.