Since the end of world war II, the agricultural sector has seen great strides in innovation to meet the growing global demand for food. Agricultural inputs (plant protection product, fertilizer, etc.) have enabled this growth and many basic agronomic principles have been set out. After a few decades of use, we saw the effects highlighted in environmental problems. The majority of the population, who do not work in agriculture, have little understanding of the workings of this sector of the economy. When incomes rise, people are more aware of and have more concern for the environment. In this context, plant protection products (neonicotinoid, glyphosate, etc.) have made it to the front pages of several media in recent years. Certain agricultural specifications have responded to this increasing demand for organic products. Currently, in Switzerland, we have two major types of agricultural production: integrated and organic. Both production methods can use plant protection products to protect their fields against economic damage from crop pests (insects, weeds, diseases). The aim of this work is to: i) compare the toxicity (environmental and human) of two active substances: cypermethrin and pyrethrin; registered in integrated and organic production, respectively; ii) understand how policy can influence the use of plant protection products in agriculture. On June 13th 2021, Swiss citizens voted on 2 initiatives ("clean drinking water" + "for a Switzerland free of synthetic pesticides"). Both initiatives could have an important impact on agriculture in term of the financial incentives it provides as well as the technical implementation (direct payment). Globally, there are more toxicological data provided for cypermethrin than for pyrethrin and both have potential risks on living organisms. Total quantities of plant protection products per hectare and the frequencies of applications are higher in organic than integrated production. This fact reduces the "toxicological advantage" of organic active substances. The vast majority of plant protection products (synthetic or organic) are sold with adjuvants to increase their efficacy; however, little or no data is available on this. According to the Swiss agricultural policy, farmers (organic or integrated) are controlled on a regular basis by different organisations and must respect several rules. Various governmental programs have been put in place to reduce the risks linked to the use of plant protection products. Since 2008, in Switzerland, there has been a decrease in the use of synthetic active substances have decreased; however, the organic ones have increased.