The biopharmaceutical industry is characterized by a rapidly growing market of its novel products, whose sustainability has hardly been evaluated. Only a small number of sustainability assessments have been published on this field, including a few Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs) which focused either on specific unit operations or on comparing particular equipments. In this PhD dissertation, the environmental sustainability of freeze drying as a key technology applied when manufacturing biopharmaceuticals is assessed. Two studies are presented evaluating (1) the resource efficiency of a typical batch freeze drying device and (2) the environmental sustainability of an industrial freeze drying process. In the second part, the environmental impact of selected biological medicines is assessed, focusing not only on their manufacturing processes but on the upstream and downstream supply chains associated to the products. Exergy and/or LCA methods are used as assessment tools. Hotspots are identified and measures for potential improvement are proposed.