This chapter summarizes the main results of the Values at the Bedside study, an NIH-funded, European survey of doctors in Norway, Italy, Switzerland and the UK. This study showed that doctors practice bedside rationing in all four explored health care systems, that they are aware of doing so, and seem to find at least some forms of bedside rationing to be compatible with their role. The criteria and strategies they use are very diverse; determinants of bedside rationing by doctors include the perception of scarcity, direct and indirect pressure exerted on doctors to ration, and country of practice. The latter is likely to represent differences in the incentive structure provided by different health care systems.