Among the oldest old, around 20 % still walk normally, suggesting that gait disorders are not an unavoidable consequence of aging. Intense researches involving clinicians and neuroscientists are focusing on the neural mechanisms of gait control, in order to understand the pathophysiology of gait disorders affecting neurological conditions. This thesis aims to present an overview of the behavioral and the neuroimaging studies that investigate the “neural correlates of gait disorders in neurological conditions”. The combined approach of behavioral measures (i.e. dual-tasking) with various neuroimaging techniques, such as functional MRI or metabolic studies, suggests a major role of the prefrontal cortex in gait control, with the involvement of an extended cerebral network involving the basal ganglia, the hippocampus and the parietal cortex. These new findings offer new perspectives in term of pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments of gait disorders in neurological conditions, such as Parkinson's disease or Alzheimer's disease.