Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) comprise a family of at least 25 zinc-dependent endopeptidases that play a pivotal role in the physiopathology of the mammalian central nervous system. In the first phases after stroke, the dysregulation of MMPs has been described to increase acute neurovascular disruption and cerebral injury. In particular, MMP-mediated alterations lead to blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakage, cerebral edema, hemorrhage, leukocyte infiltration and progressive inflammatory reactions underlying brain tissue loss. In addition, MMPs have been also shown to play critical activities during the repair phases of cerebral ischemia, particularly during angiogenesis and reestablishment of cerebral blood flow. The aim of this narrative review is to elucidate the mechanisms by which MMPs may provide detrimental and/or beneficial effects during the post-stroke injury and repair phases in animal models.