Being born preterm is associated with an increased risk of adverse neurodevelopmental functioning, including long-term difficulties in executive functions. Among executive functions, difficulties in major inhibition processes such as response inhibition and interference control have been reported at both brain and behavior levels in preterm samples. However, no consensus exists regarding inhibition difficulties at late school age and information is lacking regarding their underlying neural correlates in preterm children. We used, for the first time, an integrative approach to examine inhibition performances of school age preterm children at both brain and behavior levels, how they are impacted by an emotional context, and how they are related to behavioral problems. Our results showed inhibition difficulties as well as impulsive behaviors and more inattention/hyperactivity in preterm children. Their interference control difficulties were additionally underlain by reduced activation in frontal brain regions, specifically the prefrontal cortex, suggesting a developmental immaturity.