Hematuria is frequent and its diagnostic array is wide, ranging from benign pathologies such as infections or stones to neoplasia, sometimes also including some nephropathies. Twenty per cent of patients presenting with macro-hematuria harbour a urologic tumor. This validates an in-depth evaluation, classicaly associating contrast studies and cystoscopy. The occurrence of hematuria in patients on anticoagulants and/or antithrombotics should never be overlooked, since post work-up etiologies are as significant as these outlined in patients not under such prescriptions. Microhematuria also requires a distinct work-up, especially when there are risk factors for a urothelial neoplasia.