The story of Romain Rolland is that of an antihero. The literary success of his epic novel, Jean-Christophe, turned him into an internationally famous and well-respected writer; but, from 1914 onwards, he became trapped in the role of intellectual dissident, and would never really break free from it. His controversial article entitled "Au-dessus de la Mêlée" ("Above the Crowd") was written in Switzerland, which had become a refuge for many intellectuals. He became an inspiration for people the world over. They paid close attention to his articles, his correspondence and his attitude, and discussed and admired them. The dissemination of his ideas and of his writing had a huge impact on Europe and on the wider world. What he was saying appealed to some, and outraged others; and in particular, often offended the nationalistic feelings that were being exacerbated by the conflict – but he always took full responsibility for his words and actions. He put forward a humanist message to the world, in defence of Justice and Truth.