Vascular tissue engineering represents a new but rapidly growing field due to the need for better vascular prostheses for coronary or peripheral revascularization procedures. Current synthetic prostheses have a high incidence of failure due to thrombosis and/or intimal hyperplasia especially in small caliber artificial vascular prostheses. New approaches such as decellularized, natural or synthetic, 3-D stable/degradable scaffolds are being developed for acellular or cell-based vascular replacements. The drawbacks of cellular bioreactor matured prostheses are delayed availability and that they are, labor and cost-intensive. However, some research groups have shown limited clinical applications. The acellular approach is based on a biodegradable, electrospun, porous 3-D structure made of nano- and micro-sized polycaprolactone fibers. Animal studies in rats and pigs have shown good short and long-term results after arterial replacement with autologous cellular and matrix ingrowth, angiogenesis, confluent endothelialization and absence of occlusions or aneurysm formation. Therefore, the in vivo vascular tissue engineering approach produces shelf-ready biodegradable vascular prostheses which might be an option for future clinical applications.