This study reexamines the issue of the so-called conflict between exiles and non-exiles in Persian period Yehud. Without denying the existence of such conflicts in relation to the installation of groups from the golah in Yehud, the study highlights the complexity of the evidence at our disposal, as well as the numerous methodological issues involved. Overall, two elements, in particular, emerge from this survey. In the late Neo-Babylonian and early Persian periods, the traditions preserved in the Hebrew Bible attest to a situation that appears to have been much less a source of conflict than has frequently been assumed. As to the conflicts of the late Persian and early Hellenistic periods that are mentioned in the books of Ezra and Nehemiah, in particular, the antagonism between exiles and non-exiles no longer appears to play a significant role. Some of the main implication of this finding are briefly addressed at the end of this article.