Scientific article
English

Causes and risk factors for death in systemic sclerosis: a study from the EULAR Scleroderma Trials and Research (EUSTAR) database

ContributorsChizzolini, Carlo
Published inAnnals of the rheumatic diseases, vol. 69, no. 10, p. 1809-1815
Publication date2010
Abstract

OBJECTIVES: To determine the causes and predictors of mortality in systemic sclerosis (SSc). METHODS: Patients with SSc (n=5860) fulfilling the American College of Rheumatology criteria and prospectively followed in the EULAR Scleroderma Trials and Research (EUSTAR) cohort were analysed. EUSTAR centres completed a structured questionnaire on cause of death and comorbidities. Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards models were used to analyse survival in SSc subgroups and to identify predictors of mortality. RESULTS: Questionnaires were obtained on 234 of 284 fatalities. 55% of deaths were attributed directly to SSc and 41% to non-SSc causes; in 4% the cause of death was not assigned. Of the SSc-related deaths, 35% were attributed to pulmonary fibrosis, 26% to pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and 26% to cardiac causes (mainly heart failure and arrhythmias). Among the non-SSc-related causes, infections (33%) and malignancies (31%) were followed by cardiovascular causes (29%). Of the non-SSc-related fatalities, 25% died of causes in which SSc-related complications may have participated (pneumonia, sepsis and gastrointestinal haemorrhage). Independent risk factors for mortality and their HR were: proteinuria (HR 3.34), the presence of PAH based on echocardiography (HR 2.02), pulmonary restriction (forced vital capacity below 80% of normal, HR 1.64), dyspnoea above New York Heart Association class II (HR 1.61), diffusing capacity of the lung (HR 1.20 per 10% decrease), patient age at onset of Raynaud's phenomenon (HR 1.30 per 10 years) and the modified Rodnan skin score (HR 1.20 per 10 score points). CONCLUSION: Disease-related causes, in particular pulmonary fibrosis, PAH and cardiac causes, accounted for the majority of deaths in SSc.

Keywords
  • Adult
  • Aged
  • Comorbidity
  • Epidemiologic Methods
  • Female
  • Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/mortality
  • Heart Diseases/mortality
  • Humans
  • Lung Diseases/mortality
  • Male
  • Middle Aged
  • Neoplasms/mortality
  • Pneumonia/mortality
  • Prognosis
  • Scleroderma, Systemic/*mortality
  • Sepsis/mortality
Citation (ISO format)
CHIZZOLINI, Carlo. Causes and risk factors for death in systemic sclerosis: a study from the EULAR Scleroderma Trials and Research (EUSTAR) database. In: Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 2010, vol. 69, n° 10, p. 1809–1815. doi: 10.1136/ard.2009.114264
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Journal ISSN0003-4967
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