Pituitary adenomas are benign tumors that are diagnosed incidentally during imaging performed for other reasons, or due to symptoms related to local compression, hormonal hypersecretion or hypopituitarism. While surgery is the treatment of choice for growth hormone (GH) – secreting, adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) – secreting and thyrotropin (TSH) - secreting pituitary adenomas, the main indication for surgery of a clinically non-functioning adenoma (NFPA) is visual impairment or threat. However, hypopituitarism in patients with NFPA is increasingly recognized as a relative indication for surgery.

Growth hormone disorders (acromegaly and GH deficiency) are assessed using growth hormone (GH) and Insulin Growth factor (IGF-1) levels measurement. Therefore, IGF-1 reference normative values are essential for diagnosis, treatment efficacy evaluation and follow-up.

Thyroid nodules are found in up to 50% of the adult general population but only 5 to 10% are malignant. Their management aims at recognizing malignancy, based on ultrasound risk stratification scores and molecular tests of thyroid cytology. However, diagnostic procedure has limitations, resulting in unnecessary fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology and unnecessary surgery in a considerable number of patients.