This PhD deals with the contemporary territorial reconstruction movement of the Mapuche people in Chile. This movement is a reaction to the processes of social and territorial dislocation suffered by the Mapuche further to their forced incorporation into the Chilean nation at the end of the XIXth century. The study is based on ethnographic fieldwork carried out among Mapuche rural communities in the context of an indigenous community mapping project in which the author was involved as a cartographer through cross-cultural and collaborative research methods. The objective of the project was the reconstitution of the lof, the smallest entity of the socio-territorial system of the Mapuche. It is emblematic of the Mapuche organizations’ commitment to the decolonization of knowledge and representations related to their territories. This data is analyzed through a geographical approach inspired by postcolonial studies and situated within studies of indigenous mapping.