In addition to their specific ­ drivers, emerging infectious diseases and AMR (antimicrobial resistance) are driven by ­ factors such as ­ human–­ animal interactions, environmental disruption, social determinants, and globalization. They both have significant health and economic impacts, such as morbidity, mortality, and health system disruption.

Emerging infectious diseases and AMR are interrelated in complex ways, such as the potential increase of AMR due to the use of antibiotics and biocides during the COVID-19 pandemic, or the reduced attention and resources for AMR stewardship and surveillance. There are also trade-­offs between the short-­term and long-­term strategies to deal with both issues.

The chapter identifies six collective action challenges that are common to both emerging infectious diseases and AMR: surveillance and containment, infection prevention and conservation, innovation, and access. It argues that ­ these challenges require multisectoral collaboration, sustained investment, and international coordination.

Overall, the chapter proposes a common framework for building resilience to infectious diseases based on the concepts of planetary health, one health, and social justice. It suggests that this framework can help balance preventive and reactive strategies, address trade-­offs and dynamics over time, and integrate the concerns of emerging infectious diseases and AMR into governance design.