This contribution attempts to better understand how Paul negotiates his Jewish identity – notably his faith in one God, creator of heaven and earth – with his identity as a believer in Christ. What emerges is a 'Christological monotheism' that deploys its eminently critical persuasiveness in a delicate social context within the Corinthian community, namely that of meat-eating (1 Cor 8:1 – 11:1). Considering Jewish and Greco-Roman variations on ancient monotheisms allows us to place Paul's theological position within the religious debates of the time,, and to measure its relative originality.