The RNA degradosome is a bacterial multi-protein complex mediating mRNA processing and degradation. In Pseudomonadota, this complex assembles on the C-terminal domain (CTD) of RNase E through short linear motifs (SLiMs) that determine its composition and functionality. In the human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the RNase E CTD exhibits limited similarity to that of model organisms, impeding our understanding of RNA metabolic processes in this bacterium. Our study systematically maps the interactions mediated by the P. aeruginosa RNase E CTD and highlights its critical role in transcript regulation and cellular functions. We identified the SLiMs crucial for membrane attachment, RNA binding and complex clustering, as well as for direct binding to the core components PNPase and RhlB. Transcriptome analyses of RNase E CTD mutants revealed altered expression of genes involved in quorum sensing, type III secretion, and amino acid metabolism. Additionally, we show that the mutants are impaired in cold adaptation, pH response, and virulence in an infection model. Overall, this work establishes the essential role of the RNA degradosome in driving bacterial adaptability and pathogenicity.