The progress made in neuroscience in recent years, notably through functional MRI (fMRI), is shedding new light on our understanding of non-specific low back pain and on the mechanisms that lead individuals to chronicity. In patients suffering from acute low back pain, imbalances in cortical excitability could predispose them to chronicity. In cases of chronic low back pain, alterations in brain connectivity, particularly in the circuits involved in managing fear and emotions, could explain the persistence of the pain. These new perspectives open new therapeutic horizons, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and treatments targeting neuroinflammation.