The Central Asian orogenic belt is considered to be the largest Phanerozoic accretive orogenic belt on Earth. The late Paleozoic magmatic rocks in central Inner Mongolia are crucial for understanding continental crust growth and the tectonic evolution of the southeastern part of the Central Asian orogenic belt. We present comprehensive geochemical, isotopic, and geochronological data from three late Paleozoic magmatic units in the Mandula area, west of the Solonker suture zone. Zircon U-Pb dating indicates that these rocks formed during the late Carboniferous (316−304 Ma). The Mandula high-Mg diorites exhibit high MgO (3.9−6.5 wt%), high Mg# (61−69), and depleted Nd-Hf isotopic compositions, generated through interaction between a metasomatized mantle and slab melts with the overlying sediments. The Mandula granodiorites display adakite geochemical characteristics with high Sr/Y mass ratios (29−52), high MgO (1.7−2.2 wt%), and high Mg# (52−54), formed by partial melting of the oceanic slab with the addition of overlying sediment. Mafic microgranular enclaves have consistent ages, Sr-Nd-Hf isotope compositions, and hornblende crystallization temperature-pressure conditions with their host granodiorite, formed from a cognate magma associated with the host granodiorites through cumulate. We propose that two phases of slab rollback took place during the late Paleozoic southward subduction-accretion of the Paleo-Asian Ocean. The first phase corresponded to the transformation of low- to medium-angle slab subduction, while the second phase led to subduction-related extension. Considering the tectonic-magmatic evolution, crustal maturity, and thickness variations in the late Paleozoic southeastern part of the Central Asian orogenic belt, we propose that prolonged subduction and slab rollback promoted continental crust growth. The Central Asian orogenic belt coincides temporally and spatially with the Phanerozoic Pangea cycle, suggesting that continuous subduction and supercontinent amalgamation significantly contributed to continental crust growth.