Background: HIV infection increases measles susceptibility in infants, but little is known about this relationship among older children and adults. We conducted a facility-based study to explore whether HIV status and/or CD4 count were associated with either measles seroprotection and/or measles antibody concentration.

Methods: A convenience sample was recruited comprising HIV-infected patients presenting for follow-up care, and HIV-uninfected individuals presenting for HIV testing at Chiradzulu District Hospital, Malawi, from January to September 2012. We recorded age, sex, and reported measles vaccination and infection history. Blood samples were taken to determine the CD4 count and measles antibody concentration.

Results: One thousand nine hundred and thirty-five participants were recruited (1434 HIV-infected and 501 HIV-uninfected). The majority of adults and approximately half the children were seroprotected against measles, with lower odds among HIV-infected children (adjusted odds ratio 0.27, 95% confidence interval 0.10-0.69; p=0.006), but not adults. Among HIV-infected participants, neither CD4 count (p=0.16) nor time on antiretroviral therapy (p=0.25) were associated with measles antibody concentration, while older age (p<0.001) and female sex (p<0.001) were independently associated with this measure.

Conclusions: We found no evidence that HIV infection contributes to the risk of measles infection among adults, but HIV-infected children (including at ages older than previously reported), were less likely to be seroprotected in this sample.