Fluorine 2s orbitals with ionization energies I about 40 eV still show perceptible inter-ligand chemical effects (in molecules with shortF-F distances) in agreement with the mutual overlap integral. Other inner shells show only a chemical shift (amounting to 5 or more eV) and adjacent I values when the groundstate has positive S.

The relativistic separation of the two I of 4f measured in 88 compounds of the elements from tantalum to uranium. The behaviour of the rare earths and hafnium is also discussed as well as the large width of 4d due to short half-life of the ionized state before a 4f electron fills the vacancy. The quantum-mechanical aspects of slowly auto-ionizing states are studied.