One of the important goals of surgical procedures involving the visual pathways, from the retina to the occipital visual cortex, is the preservation of visual function and, in cases of visual impairment, where possible, improvement of visual function. With these goals in mind, efforts to evaluate and enhance the usefulness of intraoperative monitoring of the visual pathways that began in the early 1970s have continued. Since Wright et al. (Wright et al., Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK. 93:311–314, 1973) published their report of continuous intraoperative monitoring of visual pathways, utilizing brief flashes of strobe light to evoke electroretinograms (ERGs) and visual-evoked potentials (VEPs), during orbital surgery, a number of researchers have strived to evaluate ways in which to monitor the visual pathways in intraoperative settings for surgeries putting at risk not only the anterior but also the posterior visual pathways.