There is limited understanding of how to facilitate the massive deployment of DHC and shallow geothermal energy, despite sufficient evidence showing their effectiveness in decarbonising heating and cooling. This thesis introduces Geographic Information System based modelling frameworks to assess future cooling demand and investigate the potential role of DHC and shallow geothermal energy in addressing this growing cooling demand alongside heating demand. A data-driven building stock model is developed for detailed mapping of current and future space cooling demand in the service sector. Next, a scalable modelling framework is proposed to quantify the technical potential of shallow geothermal energy for combined heating and cooling, considering seasonal regeneration through re-injection of waste heat from space cooling. Furthermore, a comprehensive investigation has been conducted to assess the economic, environmental, and technical performance of fifth-generation district heating and cooling, which connects decentralised heat pumps to shallow geothermal energy to unlock the potential synergy of heating and cooling.