Water is becoming increasingly scarce. Unequal geographic distribution of freshwater resources puts populations in certain regions at risk. Legal development has been responding to this human vulnerability. The human right to water is receiving increasing recognition. Along with growing recognition of the right to water comes the identification of clear legal contours of State obligations with respect to water availability, access and supply, as well as with respect to protection of these individual water rights. Questions remain however as to whether there exist obligations between States to overcome the international imbalance in water distribution. Recent instruments of transboundary water law have introduced new levels of protection of vital human water needs. But are “water-rich” States under any legal obligation to provide the resource to “water-poor” States? This paper explores the question from the perspective of international water law as well as with respect to human rights law.