The genetic link between subduction- and collision-related porphyry Cu deposits (PCD) is still not well understood. The Gangdese porphyry Cu belt (GPCB) in southern Tibet hosts two parallel E–W-oriented metallogenic subbelts, including a southern Jurassic subduction-related and a northern Miocene post-collision PCD subbelt. In this study, we combine new and published whole-rock major and trace element data, Cu isotopic compositions and zircon trace element data of Jurassic magmatic rocks from the GPCB. Combined Sr/Y and La/Yb crustal thickness proxies confirm the south to north geometry of the Jurassic arc-back-arc system across the GPCB. The southern Jurassic magmatic arc rocks have systematically higher whole-rock V/Yb ratios, δ65Cu values and zircon Eu/Eu* ratios compared to those of the northern back-arc region. This suggests that Jurassic southern arc magmas had higher oxygen fugacity and H2O concentration than the contemporaneous northern back-arc magmas, which was controlled by a steep subduction geometry of the Neo-Tethyan oceanic slab. Hydrous and oxidized magmas resulted in Cu enrichment during magma evolution and generation of Jurassic PCD in the southern magmatic arc by inhibiting early sulfide saturation at deep crustal levels. In contrast, the northern back-arc magmas were less oxidized and less hydrous, which triggered early sulfide saturation, resulting in segregation of Cu-bearing sulfides in lower crustal cumulates that provided a favorable metal source for later Miocene PCD in the northern subbelt. Our study indicates that the Jurassic subduction geometry controlled the formation and distribution of Jurassic subduction-related and Miocene post-collision-related PCD in the GPCB.