Progesterone (P4), a steroid primarily secreted by the corpus luteum, placenta and adrenal glands, plays an essential role on female reproductive function. Progestins (PS) are synthetic analogues of P4 with specific steroid receptor affinities. A progestin-only-pill (POP) with an antimineralocorticoid effect was recently marketed with a tolerance and safety profile superior to existing POPs. In contrast, PS with antiandrogenic properties used at high doses for the treatment of hirsutism have been associated with an increased meningioma risk. New clinical and fundamental data open paths for research into the therapeutic use of P4 in cognition, neuroprotection and bone.