The social, political, cultural, and economic dimensions of toponymy are expressed in the act of naming, that is, in the contradictory production of toponyms. The place naming is thus an object of toponymy distinct from the place name itself. Its study from the point of view of motivations and representations has been developed in the social sciences, and in particular in cultural and political geography. The study of the naming of places presupposes the observation and documentation of the process, and therefore focuses on neotoponymy. Such neotoponymy is both the study of new place names and the corpus formed by them. In addition to collections of names whose meaning and origin can be worked on, it offers, by definition, information on its mode of production, its actors, and possible controversies or debates related to it. Neotoponymy is the result of a process of substitution or addition (renaming, plurinaming) or of nominations of emerging places. Depending on the context, the type of places, and the motivations linked to it, issues and techniques will be different. The contemporary history of France since the Revolution offers an abundance of neotoponymies from successive or simultaneous contexts that will allow us to test a theoretical framework on place naming.