The terms of the Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement signed on 9 November 2020, following the Azeri offensive of 27 September 2020, are a cynical confirmation of victory for Vladimir Putin and also partly for Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan, whose key role in this one-sided conflict is now an acknowledged fact. This agreement raises more questions than it answers. Three questions related to the responsibility to protect, which is in turn incumbent on the international community, are acute: the legal status of Nagorno-Karabakh, the clarification of which is necessary for the stability of the region; the prosecution of those responsible for war crimes committed during the 44 days of fighting; the precise fate of refugees and local populations, and also of Armenian cultural treasures now under Azerbaijani control, as well as the modalities of post-conflict coexistence with respect to human rights. The resolution of these three questions constitutes a major challenge in the face of three authoritarian states: Azerbaijan, backed by Turkey, under Russian supervision.