Solar rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems are playing a key role in decarbonizing the energy sector due to their modularity, cost reductions, high levels of social acceptance, and policy support schemes. However, the stochastic nature of the solar resource prevents PV systems from supplying electricity on demand, limiting its final value as well as posing substantial challenges for their integration on the electricity mix. This thesis focuses on technologies and strategies which can enable PV to supply electricity on-demand at the distribution level, therefore increasing its value, and final penetration into the energy system. We study which additional currently unexploited economic benefit can be reaped by combining applications that allow to maximize the consumer revenue (e.g., PV self-consumption), by minimizing grid impacts (e.g., demand peak shaving, demand load shifting, and avoidance of PV curtailment), and/or by accessing markets, at both local (e.g., peer-to-peer), and national levels (e.g., frequency regulation).

Using technology assessment, energy system models at high temporal resolution (≤ 1 hour) at the residential scale, statistical analysis, cluster analysis, optimization and simulation as research methods, this project assesses the trade-offs between consumers benefits (e.g., bill minimization) and grid impacts (e.g., maximum grid relief) depending on the type of consumer, building characteristics, technologies, control strategies, and business model. We analyze three levels that represent different business models, an individual household minimizing their bill, a local peer-topeer community, and a national aggregator providing frequency control. In general, we find that electricity tariffs can effectively increase residential PV system flexibility by enabling energy storage to perform different applications. In particular, capacity-based tariffs can effectively mitigate distribution grid impacts by promoting a reasonable exchange with the grid. In P2P communities, a fairer distribution of community costs is needed to avoid distributional energy justice problems, since pure consumers reap the highest financial benefits under the proposed market mechanism. Finally, we find the provision of frequency control by means of an aggregator to be a profitable service for the prosumer reaching positive net present values.