Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the world, favored by smoking. Nonsmall cell lung cancer is a heterogeneous disease whose prevalence is increasing among women. Epidemiological, hormonal and pathological factors explain tumor differences between men and women. Women have more frequently adenocarcinomas, EGFR mutations and respond better to cancer treatments. In recent decades, many advances have been made, allowing us to move from histological to molecular characterization of lung tumors. Further analysis of gender disparities will help us to understand and improve the management of patients with NSCLC.