Non-Communicable Diseases and injuries (NCDI) are becoming a major public health concern. This thesis set out to establish the burden of NCDI and the contribution of poverty as a driver of their causation and outcome in Kenya. NCDIs account for 37% of the disease burden in Kenya with 53% of the NCD and 72% of injuries DALYs occurring before age 40. The poorest wealth quintiles experienced a higher burden from NCDIs but had lower access to NCDI-related health services. There was a 23.2% reduction in household income in households with NCDI relative to households with communicable diseases. Fourteen conditions and thirty-four interventions were recommended to halt and reverse the burden of NCD in the UHC context. While behavioral risk factors have a large attributable risk for NCDI, poverty has a huge indirect role in the progression and outcome of NCDI necessitating a whole of government approach.