For fighting climate change effectively and efficiently, it is necessary to establish effective monitoring schemes of target achievement, enabling the steering of energy policies. This thesis contributes to closing the gap in the monitoring processes by investigating the role which meso-indicators can play for the comprehensive evaluation of energy policies and target achievement. The thesis enhances notably the meso-level of analysis along the following lines: (i) We carry out in-depth analyses of primary and final energy demand at the meso-level. (ii) We connect top-down indicators with bottom-up policy evaluation in the building sector. (iii) We provide a holistic view of the impact of energy efficiency through investigating multiple impacts of energy efficiency at the meso-level. (iv) We differentiate at the meso-level influencing factors such as rebounds which are already apparent at the top-down level, but cannot be differentiated, while the bottom-up level is - mostly - blind to them.