The majority of early hearing disorders are of genetic origin. In view of the genetic heterogeneity, high-throughput sequencing analysis of a panel of genes involved in hearing loss is the most effective and economical approach, providing a diagnostic yield of around 40 % today. The determination of a molecular diagnosis makes it possible to: i) adapt the audiological care; ii) to search for possible somatic problems associated with so-called syndromic hearing loss; (iii) to avoid unnecessary additional examinations in isolated hearing loss; (iv) to establish accurate genetic counseling for relatives, or even to provide early diagnosis; and (v) to lay the foundation for potential future molecular hearing loss therapies in selected cases.