In the last years, together with powerful new techniques developped from nucleic acids biochemistry, analytical methods in the area of protein chemistry have also emmerged. Among them is the two-dimensional gel electophoresis method which has been improved and became so reliable and reproducible that it can be used by geneticists. In this paper is related what has been done in our laboratory using this technique to tentatively answer genetical questions in wheat and its relatives. Several statements were made such as the followings: 1) it is the Triticum speltoïdes species that is the closest to the ancient diploid form that gave the B genome and the cytoplasm to the cultivated wheats; 2) the same allelic forms can be found at the three homoeologous loci of cultivated wheat, for most of the genes considered; 3) only very few heterotic (non additive) effects can be detected on the more abundant gene products in this autogamous hexaploid species; 4) there is a high level of polymorphism for heat shock proteins, but for most of them this variability is not correlated to thermotolerance; 5) selective forces are active during the haplodiploidization process in barley, and the genotypes having the selected allele are more efficient than the others for the production of doubled haploid plants.