Scholastics of the ending Middle Ages continued to dispute the question of sacramental efficacy. Analyzing four examples from different theological traditions (the Thomist Thomas de Vio Cajetan, the Scotist Guido Briansonis and the two Nominalists Gabriel Biel and John Mair) the article presents the variety of models and approaches that were thus developed and shows that, even at the turn of the 16th century, scholastics debated their problems in a lively and productive way.