The analysis of longitudinal register data from the social security system shows the great importance of a diploma on upper secondary level as a resilience factor against labor market exclusion. The potential contribution of case management in vocational education and training CM VET towards increasing the upper secondary degree completion rate is estimated to be 2.5%. Around 5% of the population complete a professional degree for adults when they are over the age of 30. The fiscal cost-benefit ratio of such a degree lies lower, at 1 to 1.2, than that of CM VET, at 1 to 2.0. This confirms the efficiency of earlier investments in education, but it also shows that investments in the vocational education of adults still pay off for the State.