This thesis presents the development and use of an optical device designed for aerosol analysis in different environments. We expose and analyze the results of an organized expedition to better understand the role of marine aerosols on the global climate. This device also enabled us to carry out a campaign of real-time measurements of individual particles from urban aerosols. By integrating advanced techniques of fluorescence depletion spectroscopy (pump-probe) into a portable device, we were able to distinguish, with high selectivity, the aerosols containing amino acids compared to those containing polycyclic hydrocarbons. Finally, we tested this device under real conditions of use. In addition, a comparative test using particle impaction on a filter was performed to confirm the existence of biological material by traditional biochemical analysis. This first test in real conditions of use has allowed us to demonstrate the benefits and limitations of this type of device and builds a foundation for future applications.