This paper deals with the question of the relationship between the Armenian version of the apocryphal Acts of Thecla and the Armenian Martyrdom of Thaddeus. A thorough comparative analysis allows us to conclude that the author of the Martyrdom of Thaddeus must have known the text of the Acts of Thecla, which enjoyed a great popularity in Armenia from the fifth century onwards. The model of the Acts of Thecla is particularly significant as a pattern of holiness followed by the author of the Martyrdom of Thaddeus in the representation of the figure of Sanduxt, who, according to this text, was the first woman converted to Christianity in Armenia and had a role as a preacher, as Thecla did in the Acts of Thecla. In addition, the paper approaches the question of the Armenian apocryphal texts as possible historical sources about the role of women in the history of ancient Christianity, a question considered in the framework of the recent criticism on gender history.