This thesis presents our interdisciplinary approach and the methodology implemented in our research, as well as the objectives and challenges to be addressed in order to combine medical imaging and motion capture to study and dynamically analyze personalized osteoarticular structures. The second part of this thesis presents a selection of our most significant work in the field that illustrates concretely how this methodology was implemented to answer clinical questions in the framework of diagnosis, treatment and surgical planning of orthopedic disorders. This work is organized around the 3D modeling and simulation of three particular joints: 1) the hip, 2) the shoulder complex and 3) the knee. This thesis includes scientific and clinical studies focusing on the biomechanical modeling of human joints and on the exploration of several motion-related disorders, such as femoroacetabular impingement in the prosthetic hip, knee ligaments biomechanics, glenohumeral instability and impingement, rotator cuff hyperelongation, hip and shoulder implants design, etc.