This thesis is about the formulation and characterisation of synthetic glycolipids-loaded liposomes in order to target a bacterium: Helicobacter pylori. Gastroretentive systems are first reviewed. Secondly, the synthesis and use of the system “anchor-spacer-sugar”, i.e. cholesterol, tetraethylene glycol and fucose (or N-acetylglucosamine) respectively, are described. During this work, we studied the neoglycolipids supramolecular organization in function of their hydration rate, the alteration of the liposomale bilayer following the neoglycolipid incorporation, the accessibility of the sugar moieties at the liposomes surface, the intraliposomal pH variation in function of acidic external pH, and finally, the interaction between four liposomal formulations bearing or not neoglycolipids with two strains of H. pylori.