Excitation energy transfer and charge separation are crucial steps in natural photosynthesis that allows the conversion of solar light into chemical energy. Understanding the nature of these processes is determinant for designing efficient synthetic analogues of these natural systems. This thesis describes ultrafast spectroscopic studies of the excited-state dynamics several systems, from simple molecules to multichromophoric systems, which are based on various chromophores arranged according to different motifs. To better understand the properties of these complex multichromophoric systems, systematic investigations of the individual units and model systems of different complexity have been performed. It allowed key factors enhancing the efficiency of excitation energy transfer and charge separation to be determined. The investigation of these processes in real time has been realized using various time-resolved techniques, which permit monitoring process occurring on timescale ranging from a few tens of femtosecond to several hundreds of microseconds.